diff --git a/M02_MasterTemplete/M02_MasterTemplete_UI_Main.ts b/M02_MasterTemplete/M02_MasterTemplete_UI_Main.ts
index a7a83fb7..76bc23f3 100644
--- a/M02_MasterTemplete/M02_MasterTemplete_UI_Main.ts
+++ b/M02_MasterTemplete/M02_MasterTemplete_UI_Main.ts
@@ -354,6 +354,7 @@ export function createMain(
       const columns = (): StructureColumn[] => sheet?.getDoc()?.열 ?? [];
       editor = create(host, doc, {
         mode: at.layer === "project" ? "project" : "master",
+        readOnly,
         onChange: () => (dirty = !readOnly),
         ...(struct
           ? {
diff --git a/resources/tester/test_m02_layer_screen.py b/resources/tester/test_m02_layer_screen.py
index 1e628924..febeedee 100644
--- a/resources/tester/test_m02_layer_screen.py
+++ b/resources/tester/test_m02_layer_screen.py
@@ -109,3 +109,43 @@ def test_읽기만_회사용_개인용으로_복사_막대():
     assert "titleOf(layer)" in page
     layer = _text(LAYER)
     assert 'fromLayer: "company"' in layer and "M02_CopyToPersonal" in layer
+
+
+SHEET = ROOT / "ui_template" / "sheet"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(shutil.which("node") is None, reason="node 가 없음")
+def test_열_0_첫_열_만들기():
+    """빈 개인 · 회사 층 — 열이 하나도 없어도 첫 열(머리 글 + 빈 아래 층)을 만듦."""
+    ops = _text(SHEET / "ui_template_sheet_ops.ts")
+    fresh = re.search(r"^function freshId[\s\S]*?^}", ops, re.M)
+    first = re.search(r"^export function addFirstColumn[\s\S]*?^}", ops, re.M)
+    assert fresh and first, "freshId · addFirstColumn 을 못 찾음"
+    script = (
+        "interface SheetColumn { id: string; 머리: (string | null)[]; 단위?: string | null;"
+        " 꼴?: string; 일위대가?: string | null; 자재조합?: string | null }\n"
+        "interface SheetDoc { 열: SheetColumn[] }\n"
+        + fresh.group(0)
+        + "\n"
+        + first.group(0).replace("export ", "")
+        + "\nconst doc: SheetDoc = { 열: [] };"
+        + "\nconst a = addFirstColumn(doc, 4, '새 열');"
+        + "\nconsole.log(JSON.stringify([a, doc.열[0].머리, doc.열[0].꼴, doc.열.length]));"
+    )
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["node", "--experimental-strip-types", "--no-warnings",
+         "--input-type=module-typescript", "-e", script],
+        capture_output=True, text=True, encoding="utf-8", timeout=60,
+    )  # fmt: skip
+    assert result.returncode == 0, result.stderr
+    assert json.loads(result.stdout) == ["c1", ["새 열", "", "", ""], "수", 1]
+
+
+def test_읽기만_표는_단추_고치기_모두_막음():
+    sheet = _text(SHEET / "ui_template_sheet.ts")
+    assert "const ro = !!opts.readOnly;" in sheet
+    assert sheet.count("if (ro") + sheet.count("!ro") + sheet.count("ro ||") >= 7
+    # 열 0 = 「열 더하기」 하나만 켜짐 · 첫 열
+    assert "b.disabled = !hasCol && !empty" in sheet and "addFirstColumn(" in sheet
+    assert re.search(r"readOnly,\s*onChange", _text(M02 / "M02_MasterTemplete_UI_Main.ts"))
+    assert ".ui-sheet__toolbar[hidden]" in _text(SHEET / "ui_template_sheet.css")
diff --git a/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.css b/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.css
index 47c2868e..ed75a946 100644
--- a/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.css
+++ b/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.css
@@ -181,3 +181,8 @@
   font: inherit;
   text-align: inherit;
 }
+
+/* 읽기만 표 — 단추 줄 없음(`display:flex` 가 hidden 을 덮지 않게) */
+.ui-sheet__toolbar[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
diff --git a/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.ts b/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.ts
index e26ceedd..c91e3704 100644
--- a/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.ts
+++ b/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
  *           도면 · 면적산출 · 재료산출 줄 = `drawingLabel` · `areaLabel` · `materialLabel` 글 ·
  *           칸을 고르면 `onSelect` · `onPick` 을 주면 일위대가 · 도면 · 면적산출 · 재료산출 칸은
  *           치지 않고 조회 후 선택.
+ *           `readOnly` = 볼 수만 있음 — 단추 줄 · 안내 글 숨김 · 칸 고치기 · 머리 고치기 · 열 너비 끌기 막음 ·
+ *           열이 하나도 없으면 [열 더하기] 가 켜져 첫 열을 만듦(머리 글 바로 고치기).
  * project = 프로젝트 표 — 바인딩 · 계산 열 잠금 · 손 열만 입력 · 「전구간」 줄 맨 위 · 쪽줄마다 쪽.
  * 칸을 고치면 문서를 그 자리에서 바꾸고 같은 풀이(`_recalc`)로 즉시 다시 그림 — 서버 왕복 없음.
  * 저장은 부른 쪽 몫(`onChange` 로 문서를 받음 · 자동저장 없음 · [저장] 때 서버가 Node 로 다시 풂).
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@
 import { createButton, el } from "@ui/ui_template_elements";
 import { startEdit } from "../../M01_MasterData/M01_MasterData_UI_Cells";
 import {
+  addFirstColumn,
   addLevel,
   deleteColumn,
   isBlankPick,
@@ -44,6 +47,8 @@ export type { SheetDoc, SheetResult, SheetSelection } from "./ui_template_sheet_
 
 export interface SheetOptions {
   mode: SheetMode;
+  /** 볼 수만 있음(단추 · 고치기 없음) */
+  readOnly?: boolean;
   onChange?: (doc: SheetDoc) => void;
   /** 도면 줄 칸 글(마스터 첫 쪽 · 열 id) — 없거나 빈 글이면 「없음」 · 글이 바뀌면 `recalc()` 로 다시 그림. */
   drawingLabel?: (colId: string) => string;
@@ -80,12 +85,17 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
     materialLabel: opts.materialLabel,
     pick: !!opts.onPick,
   };
+  const ro = !!opts.readOnly;
   const scroll = el("div", { className: "ui-sheet__scroll" });
-  const toolbar = el("div", { className: "ui-sheet__toolbar" });
+  const toolbar = el("div", { className: "ui-sheet__toolbar", attrs: ro ? { hidden: "" } : {} });
   const root = el("div", {
     className: `ui-sheet ui-sheet--${opts.mode}`,
     attrs: { tabindex: "0" },
-    children: [toolbar, el("p", { className: "ui-sheet__hint", text: st("Hint") }), scroll],
+    children: [
+      toolbar,
+      ...(ro ? [] : [el("p", { className: "ui-sheet__hint", text: st("Hint") })]),
+      scroll,
+    ],
   });
   host.replaceChildren(root);
 
@@ -96,6 +106,7 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
     createButton({ label, variant: "ghost", onClick: run });
   /** `level` 층 새 칸 열 — 고른 열 무리 끝에(층 이름이 있으면 「새 분류2」 · 없으면 「새 열」) */
   const addAt = (level: number): void => {
+    if (!state.doc.열.length) return void addFirst();
     const at = state.sel?.c;
     if (!at) return;
     const name = state.doc.층?.[level]?.trim();
@@ -105,6 +116,14 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
     state.sel = { r: state.sel?.r ?? KEY_UNIT, c: id };
     changed();
   };
+  /** 열 0 — 첫 열을 만들고 머리 글을 바로 고치게 엶(종류/분류 는 `/` 로 이음) */
+  const addFirst = (): void => {
+    const id = addFirstColumn(state.doc, headDepth(state.doc.열, state.doc.층), st("Col_New"));
+    state.sel = { r: KEY_UNIT, c: id };
+    changed();
+    const th = scroll.querySelector<HTMLElement>(`th[data-col="${CSS.escape(id)}"]`);
+    if (th) editHead(th);
+  };
   const colDelete = button(st("Col_Delete"), () => {
     const id = state.sel?.c;
     if (!id || state.doc.열.length <= 1) return;
@@ -114,7 +133,7 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
     state.sel = state.sel && next ? { r: state.sel.r, c: next.id } : null;
     changed();
   });
-  if (opts.mode === "master") toolbar.append(colDelete);
+  if (opts.mode === "master" && !ro) toolbar.append(colDelete);
 
   // 층마다 열 더하기 단추 — 층이 둘 이상이면 둘째 층부터(「분류1 더하기」 …) · 하나면 「열 더하기」 ·
   // 층 이름 · 층 수가 바뀌면 다시 만듦
@@ -122,8 +141,10 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
   let levelKey = "";
   const syncLevels = (hasCol: boolean): void => {
     const depth = headDepth(state.doc.열, state.doc.층);
-    const levels = depth < 2 ? [0] : Array.from({ length: depth - 1 }, (_, i) => i + 1);
+    const empty = !state.doc.열.length; // 열 0 = 「열 더하기」 하나만(첫 열)
+    const levels = empty || depth < 2 ? [0] : Array.from({ length: depth - 1 }, (_, i) => i + 1);
     const labels = levels.map((level) => {
+      if (empty) return st("Col_Add");
       const name = state.doc.층?.[level]?.trim();
       return name ? `${name}${st("Add_Suffix")}` : st("Col_Add");
     });
@@ -133,12 +154,12 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
       levelButtons = levels.map((level, i) => button(labels[i], () => addAt(level)));
       colDelete.before(...levelButtons);
     }
-    for (const b of levelButtons) b.disabled = !hasCol;
+    for (const b of levelButtons) b.disabled = !hasCol && !empty;
   };
 
   const syncToolbar = (): void => {
     const col = state.sel ? colOf(state.sel.c) : undefined;
-    if (opts.mode === "master") syncLevels(!!col);
+    if (opts.mode === "master" && !ro) syncLevels(!!col);
     colDelete.disabled = !col || state.doc.열.length <= 1;
   };
 
@@ -197,7 +218,7 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
     return raw === null || raw === undefined ? "" : String(raw);
   };
   const write = (key: string, col: SheetColumn, text: string): void => {
-    if (REF_ROWS.includes(key)) return; // 읽기만
+    if (ro || REF_ROWS.includes(key)) return; // 읽기만
     const value = text.trim();
     if (key === KEY_UNIT) col.단위 = value || null;
     else if (key === KEY_PRICE) col.일위대가 = value || null;
@@ -213,6 +234,7 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
   };
   /** 칸 고치기 — 두 번 누르기 = 글 전부 고름 · 바로 치기(initial) = 그 글자로 바꿈 · Enter · F2(atEnd) = 커서를 글 끝에 */
   const edit = (initial?: string, atEnd = false): void => {
+    if (ro) return;
     const sel = state.sel;
     const col = sel && colOf(sel.c);
     if (!sel || !col) return;
@@ -272,6 +294,7 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
     if (target.closest("input")) return;
     const th = target.closest<HTMLElement>("th[data-col]");
     const layer = target.closest<HTMLElement>("th[data-layer]");
+    if (ro) return;
     if (th && state.mode === "master") editHead(th);
     else if (layer && state.mode === "master") editLayer(layer);
     else if (target.closest("td[data-r]")) edit();
@@ -310,7 +333,7 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
       edit(undefined, true);
     } else if (event.key === "Delete" || event.key === "Backspace") {
       const col = state.sel && colOf(state.sel.c);
-      if (state.sel && col && keyEditable(state, state.sel.r, col)) {
+      if (!ro && state.sel && col && keyEditable(state, state.sel.r, col)) {
         event.preventDefault();
         write(state.sel.r, col, "");
       }
@@ -325,7 +348,7 @@ export function createSheet(host: HTMLElement, input: SheetDoc, opts: SheetOptio
   const onPointerDown = (event: PointerEvent): void => {
     const handle = (event.target as HTMLElement).closest<HTMLElement>("[data-resize]");
     const col = handle && colOf(handle.dataset.resize!);
-    if (!handle || !col) return;
+    if (ro || !handle || !col) return;
     event.preventDefault();
     handle.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
     const total = parseFloat(scroll.querySelector<HTMLElement>("table")?.style.width ?? "0");
diff --git a/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet_ops.ts b/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet_ops.ts
index ca4acd1c..0347aa99 100644
--- a/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet_ops.ts
+++ b/ui_template/sheet/ui_template_sheet_ops.ts
@@ -133,6 +133,18 @@ export function addLevel(
   return id;
 }
 
+/** 열이 하나도 없는 표의 첫 열 — `[label, "" …]`(아래 층은 빈칸) · 새 열 id. */
+export function addFirstColumn(doc: SheetDoc, depth: number, label: string): string {
+  const id = freshId(
+    "c",
+    doc.열.map((c) => c.id),
+  );
+  const head: (string | null)[] = [label];
+  while (head.length < depth) head.push("");
+  doc.열.push({ id, 머리: head, 단위: null, 꼴: "수", 일위대가: null, 자재조합: null });
+  return id;
+}
+
 /** 머리 층 이름(줄 머리 글) 고치기 — 모자란 층은 빈 글로 채움. */
 export function setLayerName(doc: SheetDoc, level: number, text: string): void {
   const layers = (doc.층 ??= []);