diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_280_2_step_nav.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_280_2_step_nav.cjs
index 003add5f3..3e62d8c86 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_280_2_step_nav.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_280_2_step_nav.cjs
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
  * 트랜스파일해 가짜 DOM 위에서 ① 주소마다 줄 차례 ② [<] [>] = 이웃 단계 단추 누름(꺼진 단계 = 알림만)을
  * 돌려 JSON 한 벌로 냄. 확장자 `.cjs` 까닭은 `helper_design_view_parity.cjs` 머리와 같음.
  */
-const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
-const ts = require(path.join(__dirname, "..", "..", "config", "node_modules", "typescript"));
+const { makeLoader } = require("./helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs");
 
 const ROOT = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..");
 
@@ -148,20 +147,16 @@ const STUBS = {
 };
 globalThis.__DEV = false;
 
-function loadTs(file) {
-  const src = fs.readFileSync(file, "utf8").replace(/import\.meta\.env\.DEV/g, "globalThis.__DEV");
-  const js = ts.transpileModule(src, {
-    compilerOptions: { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020 },
-  }).outputText;
-  const box = { exports: {} };
-  const localRequire = (request) => {
+const { loadTs } = makeLoader({
+  root: ROOT,
+  cache: false,
+  rewrite: (js) => js.replace(/import\.meta\.env\.DEV/g, "globalThis.__DEV"),
+  requireFor: () => (request) => {
     if (request.endsWith(".css")) return {};
     if (STUBS[request]) return STUBS[request];
     throw new Error(`대역 없음: ${request}`);
-  };
-  new Function("exports", "module", "require", js)(box.exports, box, localRequire);
-  return box.exports;
-}
+  },
+});
 help = loadTs(path.join(ROOT, "ui_template", "ui_template_help.ts"));
 const layout = loadTs(path.join(ROOT, "ui_template", "ui_template_workflow_layout.ts"));
 
diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_298_3_page_dispose.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_298_3_page_dispose.cjs
index 453f7c36f..77f5449cd 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_298_3_page_dispose.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_298_3_page_dispose.cjs
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
  * `design_leave` 를 그 자리에서 트랜스파일 · 페이지를 다섯 번 다시 세운 뒤 창 듣개 수 · 옛 노드 풀림.
  * `node --expose-gc` 로 부름 · 결과 JSON 을 stdout 으로.
  */
-const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
 const ts = require(path.join(__dirname, "..", "..", "config", "node_modules", "typescript"));
+const { makeLoader, memoryStorage } = require("./helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs");
 
 const ROOT = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..");
 
-const session = new Map();
-const storage = {
-  getItem: (key) => (session.has(key) ? session.get(key) : null),
-  setItem: (key, value) => session.set(key, String(value)),
-  removeItem: (key) => session.delete(key),
-  key: (index) => [...session.keys()][index] ?? null,
-  get length() {
-    return session.size;
-  },
-};
+const storage = memoryStorage();
 const win = new EventTarget();
 const doc = new EventTarget();
 const counts = { window: 0, document: 0 };
@@ -54,24 +45,17 @@ const STUBS = {
   "../router": { currentRoute: () => "/b05-profile", setLeaveGuard: (fn) => (guard = fn) },
 };
 
-const loaded = new Map();
-function loadTs(file) {
-  if (loaded.has(file)) return loaded.get(file);
-  const js = ts.transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(file, "utf8"), {
-    compilerOptions: { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2022 },
-  }).outputText;
-  const box = { exports: {} };
-  loaded.set(file, box.exports);
-  const localRequire = (request) => {
+const { loadTs } = makeLoader({
+  root: ROOT,
+  target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2022,
+  requireFor: (full) => (request) => {
     if (request in STUBS) return STUBS[request];
     if (request.startsWith("@ui/"))
       return loadTs(path.join(ROOT, "ui_template", `${request.slice(4)}.ts`));
-    if (request.startsWith(".")) return loadTs(path.join(path.dirname(file), `${request}.ts`));
+    if (request.startsWith(".")) return loadTs(path.join(path.dirname(full), `${request}.ts`));
     return require(request);
-  };
-  new Function("exports", "module", "require", js)(box.exports, box, localRequire);
-  return box.exports;
-}
+  },
+});
 
 const drag = loadTs(path.join(ROOT, "ui_template", "ui_template_overlay_drag.ts"));
 const leave = loadTs(path.join(ROOT, "A00_Common", "design", "design_leave.ts"));
diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_322_0_golden.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_322_0_golden.cjs
index 680623b4c..c8a78b601 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_322_0_golden.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_322_0_golden.cjs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
 const ROOT = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..");
-const ts = require(path.join(ROOT, "config", "node_modules", "typescript"));
+const { makeLoader } = require("./helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs");
 const input = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(process.argv[2], "utf8"));
 const clone = (v) => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(v));
 
@@ -137,27 +137,11 @@ const resolveFile = (base) =>
   [base, `${base}.ts`, base.replace(/\.js$/, ".ts"), path.join(base, "index.ts")].find(
     (p) => fs.existsSync(p) && fs.statSync(p).isFile(),
   ) ?? `${base}.ts`;
-const cache = new Map();
-function loadTs(target) {
-  const full = path.resolve(target);
-  if (STUBS.has(full)) return STUBS.get(full);
-  if (cache.has(full)) return cache.get(full);
-  if (full.endsWith(".css")) return {}; // 화면 꼴(vite 몫)
-  if (full.endsWith(".json")) {
-    const data = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(full, "utf8"));
-    cache.set(full, data);
-    return data;
-  }
-  const js = ts.transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(full, "utf8"), {
-    compilerOptions: {
-      module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS,
-      target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020,
-      esModuleInterop: true,
-    },
-  }).outputText;
-  const box = { exports: {} };
-  cache.set(full, box.exports);
-  const need = (spec) => {
+const { loadTs } = makeLoader({
+  root: ROOT,
+  interop: true,
+  fileStub: (full) => STUBS.get(full) ?? (full.endsWith(".css") ? {} : undefined), // .css = 화면 꼴(vite 몫)
+  requireFor: (full) => (spec) => {
     if (spec === "three") return require(path.join(ROOT, "config", "node_modules", "three"));
     const alias = { "@util/": "common_util", "@ui/": "ui_template", "@config/": "config" };
     for (const [prefix, dir] of Object.entries(alias))
@@ -165,10 +149,8 @@ function loadTs(target) {
         return loadTs(resolveFile(path.join(ROOT, dir, spec.slice(prefix.length))));
     if (spec.startsWith(".")) return loadTs(resolveFile(path.join(path.dirname(full), spec)));
     return require(spec);
-  };
-  new Function("exports", "module", "require", js)(box.exports, box, need);
-  return box.exports;
-}
+  },
+});
 
 /* ── 견본 횡단 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
 const plainAt = (at) => ({ ...clone(input.plain_section), chainage_m: at, kind: "regular" });
diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_345_4_corridor_worker.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_345_4_corridor_worker.cjs
index fa6edd906..056180c4a 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_345_4_corridor_worker.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_345_4_corridor_worker.cjs
@@ -5,20 +5,12 @@
 const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
 const ROOT = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..");
-const ts = require(path.join(ROOT, "config", "node_modules", "typescript"));
+const { makeLoader } = require("./helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs");
 
-const cache = new Map();
-function loadTs(file) {
-  const full = path.resolve(file);
-  if (cache.has(full)) return cache.get(full);
-  const js = ts
-    .transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(full, "utf8"), {
-      compilerOptions: { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020 },
-    })
-    .outputText.replace(/import\.meta\.url/g, '"file:///x.js"');
-  const box = { exports: {} };
-  cache.set(full, box.exports);
-  const localRequire = (request) => {
+const { loadTs } = makeLoader({
+  root: ROOT,
+  rewrite: (js) => js.replace(/import\.meta\.url/g, '"file:///x.js"'),
+  requireFor: (full) => (request) => {
     if (request.startsWith("@ui/") || request.startsWith("@config/"))
       return new Proxy({}, { get: () => () => undefined });
     const target = request.startsWith("@util/")
@@ -26,10 +18,8 @@ function loadTs(file) {
       : path.join(path.dirname(full), request);
     if (request.endsWith(".json")) return JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(target, "utf8"));
     return loadTs(fs.existsSync(`${target}.ts`) ? `${target}.ts` : path.join(target, "index.ts"));
-  };
-  new Function("exports", "module", "require", js)(box.exports, box, localRequire);
-  return box.exports;
-}
+  },
+});
 
 const B05 = (name) => path.join(ROOT, "B05_Profile", `${name}.ts`);
 const { buildCorridor } = loadTs(B05("B05_Profile_UI_Corridor_Build"));
diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_347_pipe_id_reconcile.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_347_pipe_id_reconcile.cjs
index 98b4032a3..ed131c80b 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_347_pipe_id_reconcile.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_347_pipe_id_reconcile.cjs
@@ -1,30 +1,25 @@
 /* 347 덧 관 고정 id — `reconcilePipes`(되돌리기 · 구조물 폼으로 관 목록이 바뀔 때)가 id 를 따라 옮기는지.
  * `B05_Profile_UI_Drainage_Parts.ts` 를 그 자리에서 트랜스파일 · 그 밖 import 는 빈 껍데기(틀 = helper_281_1).
  */
-const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
-const ts = require(path.join(__dirname, "..", "..", "config", "node_modules", "typescript"));
+const { makeLoader } = require("./helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs");
 
 const ROOT = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..");
 const stub = new Proxy(function () {}, { get: () => stub, apply: () => stub });
 
-function loadTs(file, real) {
-  const js = ts.transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(file, "utf8"), {
-    compilerOptions: { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020 },
-  }).outputText;
-  const box = { exports: {} };
-  const localRequire = (request) =>
-    real.some((name) => request.endsWith(name))
-      ? loadTs(path.join(path.dirname(file), `${request}.ts`), ["common_util_pipe_match"]) // 472-6
-      : stub;
-  new Function("exports", "module", "require", js)(box.exports, box, localRequire);
-  return box.exports;
-}
+const TOP = path.join(ROOT, "B05_Profile", "B05_Profile_UI_Drainage_Parts.ts");
+// 진짜로 부를 import — 맨 위 = 고름 · 그 밑 = 관 짝 맞춤(472-6) · 그 밖 = 빈 껍데기
+const realOf = (full) => (full === TOP ? ["design_selection"] : ["common_util_pipe_match"]);
+const { loadTs } = makeLoader({
+  root: ROOT,
+  cache: false,
+  requireFor: (full) => (request) =>
+    realOf(full).some((name) => request.endsWith(name))
+      ? loadTs(path.join(path.dirname(full), `${request}.ts`))
+      : stub,
+});
 
-const { adoptDraftPipes, reconcilePipes } = loadTs(
-  path.join(ROOT, "B05_Profile", "B05_Profile_UI_Drainage_Parts.ts"),
-  ["design_selection"],
-);
+const { adoptDraftPipes, reconcilePipes } = loadTs(TOP);
 const before = [
   { chainage_m: 100, reason: "stream", id: "a1" },
   { chainage_m: 200, reason: "user", id: "b2" },
diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_427_1_follow_seat.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_427_1_follow_seat.cjs
index 9cedb64f9..05e36c435 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_427_1_follow_seat.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_427_1_follow_seat.cjs
@@ -4,24 +4,21 @@
  */
 const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
-const ts = require(path.join(__dirname, "..", "..", "config", "node_modules", "typescript"));
+const { makeLoader } = require("./helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs");
 const CATALOG = require("./helper_322_catalog_module.cjs");
 
 const ROOT = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..");
 
-function loadTs(file) {
-  const js = ts.transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), "utf8"), {
-    compilerOptions: { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020 },
-  }).outputText;
-  const box = { exports: {} };
-  const localRequire = (request) => {
+const { loadTs: loadFull, load } = makeLoader({
+  root: ROOT,
+  cache: false,
+  requireFor: (full) => (request) => {
     if (CATALOG.isCatalogRequest(request)) return CATALOG;
-    if (request.startsWith(".")) return loadTs(path.join(path.dirname(file), `${request}.ts`));
-    throw new Error(`stub 없음: ${request} (${file})`);
-  };
-  new Function("exports", "module", "require", js)(box.exports, box, localRequire);
-  return box.exports;
-}
+    if (request.startsWith(".")) return loadFull(path.join(path.dirname(full), `${request}.ts`));
+    throw new Error(`stub 없음: ${request} (${path.relative(ROOT, full)})`);
+  },
+});
+const loadTs = (file) => load(file); // 뿌리 기준 상대 경로
 
 const cases = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(process.argv[2], "utf8"));
 const station = loadTs("common_util/common_util_structure_station.ts");
diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_459_route_seat.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_459_route_seat.cjs
index c140ca4f3..a10b27f30 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_459_route_seat.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_459_route_seat.cjs
@@ -4,30 +4,22 @@
  */
 const fs = require("fs");
 const path = require("path");
-const ts = require(path.join(__dirname, "..", "..", "config", "node_modules", "typescript"));
+const { makeLoader } = require("./helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs");
 const CATALOG = require("./helper_322_catalog_module.cjs");
 
 const ROOT = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..");
-const cache = new Map();
 
-function loadTs(file) {
-  const full = path.join(ROOT, file);
-  if (cache.has(full)) return cache.get(full);
-  const js = ts.transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(full, "utf8"), {
-    compilerOptions: { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020 },
-  }).outputText;
-  const box = { exports: {} };
-  cache.set(full, box.exports);
-  const localRequire = (request) => {
+const { loadTs: loadFull, load } = makeLoader({
+  root: ROOT,
+  requireFor: (full) => (request) => {
     if (CATALOG.isCatalogRequest(request)) return CATALOG;
     if (request.endsWith(".json"))
       return JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(path.dirname(full), request), "utf8"));
-    if (request.startsWith(".")) return loadTs(path.join(path.dirname(file), `${request}.ts`));
-    throw new Error(`stub 없음: ${request} (${file})`);
-  };
-  new Function("exports", "module", "require", js)(box.exports, box, localRequire);
-  return box.exports;
-}
+    if (request.startsWith(".")) return loadFull(path.join(path.dirname(full), `${request}.ts`));
+    throw new Error(`stub 없음: ${request} (${path.relative(ROOT, full)})`);
+  },
+});
+const loadTs = (file) => load(file); // 뿌리 기준 상대 경로
 
 const grade = loadTs("B05_Profile/logic/B05_Profile_Pipeline_Grade.ts");
 const carry = loadTs("B05_Profile/logic/B05_Profile_Grade_Carry.ts");
diff --git a/resources/tester/helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs b/resources/tester/helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs
index 30eb9b369..7115b4d5c 100644
--- a/resources/tester/helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs
+++ b/resources/tester/helper_ts_stub_loader.cjs
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ function memoryStorage() {
  *   requireFor(full, file) 풀이 함수를 헬퍼가 직접 지음(기본 풀이 대신) · 인자 없으면 진짜 require
  *   interop        esModuleInterop 로 트랜스파일
  *   cache:false    같은 파일을 부를 때마다 새로 읽음(기본은 한 번만)
- *   fileStub(full) 파일 경로로 통째 대신할 값(없으면 undefined) */
+ *   fileStub(full) 파일 경로로 통째 대신할 값(없으면 undefined)
+ *   target         트랜스파일 대상(기본 ES2020)
+ *   rewrite(js)    트랜스파일한 글 손봄(`import.meta` 처럼 CommonJS 가 못 읽는 것) */
 function makeLoader({
   root,
   stubs = {},
@@ -41,6 +43,8 @@ function makeLoader({
   interop = false,
   cache: useCache = true,
   fileStub,
+  target = ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020,
+  rewrite = (js) => js,
 }) {
   const cache = new Map();
   function defaultRequire(full) {
@@ -68,9 +72,11 @@ function makeLoader({
       if (useCache) cache.set(full, data);
       return data;
     }
-    const compilerOptions = { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target: ts.ScriptTarget.ES2020 };
+    const compilerOptions = { module: ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS, target };
     if (interop) compilerOptions.esModuleInterop = true;
-    const js = ts.transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(full, "utf8"), { compilerOptions }).outputText;
+    const js = rewrite(
+      ts.transpileModule(fs.readFileSync(full, "utf8"), { compilerOptions }).outputText,
+    );
     const box = { exports: {} };
     if (useCache) cache.set(full, box.exports);
     const localRequire = requireFor ? requireFor(full, file) : defaultRequire(full);