diff --git a/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet.ts b/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet.ts
index 5596915d8..4c7e91766 100644
--- a/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet.ts
+++ b/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet.ts
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ export function createSpreadsheet(
 ): SpreadsheetHandle {
   const readOnly = !!opts.readOnly;
   const noTabs = opts.tabs === false;
-  const bare = readOnly || !!opts.preview; // 도구 모음 · 메뉴 없음
+  const bare = readOnly || !!opts.preview; // 도구 모음 없음 · 우클릭은 「복사」 한 줄
   const root = el("div", {
     className: `ss${readOnly ? " ss--readonly" : ""}${noTabs ? " ss--notabs" : ""}${opts.preview ? " ss--preview" : ""}`,
   });
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ export function createSpreadsheet(
   ctx.editor = ed;
   const toolbar: PartHandle | null = bare ? null : mountToolbar(ctx);
   const tabs: PartHandle | null = noTabs ? null : mountTabs(ctx);
-  const menu: PartHandle | null = bare ? null : attachMenu(ctx);
+  const menu: PartHandle = attachMenu(ctx); // 읽기 전용 · 미리보기는 「복사」 한 줄(81-3)
   const clip = attachClipboard(ctx);
   const status = createStatusBar(ctx);
   const others = [toolbar, tabs, menu, clip, status].filter((p): p is PartHandle => !!p);
diff --git a/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_menu.ts b/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_menu.ts
index 603fa99e7..a2af5138f 100644
--- a/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_menu.ts
+++ b/A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_menu.ts
@@ -12,10 +12,21 @@
  * ========================================================================== */
 
 import { createMapContextMenu, type MapContextMenuItem } from "@ui/ui_template_context_menu";
-import { createButton, el, showToast } from "@ui/ui_template_elements";
+import { createButton, el } from "@ui/ui_template_elements";
 import { rangeToA1 } from "./spreadsheet_address";
 import { confirmMerge, dialogKeys } from "./spreadsheet_actions";
 import { deleteComment, getComment, setComment } from "./spreadsheet_comments";
+import {
+  cellInsertItems,
+  cellMoreItems,
+  colInsertItems,
+  colMoreItems,
+  copyCut,
+  copyOnlyItems,
+  pasteItems,
+  rowInsertItems,
+  rowMoreItems,
+} from "./spreadsheet_menu_items";
 import { st } from "./spreadsheet_text";
 import { MAX_COLS, MAX_ROWS, type CellRange } from "./spreadsheet_types";
 import type { PartHandle, SpreadsheetContext } from "./spreadsheet_view_types";
@@ -28,7 +39,8 @@ function within(range: CellRange, r: number, c: number): boolean {
 
 /** `ctx.root` 의 contextmenu 를 받음(root null) */
 export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
-  if (ctx.readOnly) return { root: null, refresh() {}, destroy() {} };
+  // 읽기 전용 · 미리보기 = 「복사」 한 줄(81-3)
+  const bare = ctx.readOnly || ctx.root.classList.contains("ss--preview");
 
   const menu = createMapContextMenu("ss");
   ctx.root.append(menu.element);
@@ -39,7 +51,7 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
   }
 
   function cutCopy(kind: "cut" | "copy"): void {
-    document.execCommand(kind);
+    copyCut(ctx, kind);
   }
 
   /** 메모 글 입력 — 작은 오버레이(native prompt 안 씀, 자동화 창이 native 창을 자동 취소하는
@@ -79,7 +91,10 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
     return [
       [st("MenuCut"), () => cutCopy("cut")],
       [st("MenuCopy"), () => cutCopy("copy")],
-      [st("MenuPasteHint"), () => showToast(st("MenuPasteHint"), "info")],
+      ...pasteItems(ctx),
+      "-",
+      ...cellInsertItems(ctx, range),
+      "-",
       [
         st("MenuClearContent"),
         () => ctx.dispatch({ 종류: "내용지움", 시트: ctx.selection.시트, 범위: [range] }),
@@ -107,6 +122,7 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
       ...(note
         ? ([[st("MenuCommentDelete"), () => deleteComment(ctx, r, c)]] as MapContextMenuItem[])
         : []),
+      ...cellMoreItems(ctx, range),
       ...(ctx.cellMenuExtra?.(r, c) ?? []),
     ];
   }
@@ -117,11 +133,9 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
     return [
       [st("MenuCut"), () => cutCopy("cut")],
       [st("MenuCopy"), () => cutCopy("copy")],
-      [st("MenuPasteHint"), () => showToast(st("MenuPasteHint"), "info")],
-      [
-        st("MenuInsertRow"),
-        () => ctx.dispatch({ 종류: "행넣기", 시트: ctx.selection.시트, at, 수 }),
-      ],
+      ...pasteItems(ctx),
+      "-",
+      ...rowInsertItems(ctx, at, 수),
       [
         st("MenuDeleteRow"),
         () => ctx.dispatch({ 종류: "행지우기", 시트: ctx.selection.시트, at, 수 }),
@@ -148,6 +162,7 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
             숨김: false,
           }),
       ],
+      ...rowMoreItems(ctx, rows),
     ];
   }
 
@@ -157,11 +172,9 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
     return [
       [st("MenuCut"), () => cutCopy("cut")],
       [st("MenuCopy"), () => cutCopy("copy")],
-      [st("MenuPasteHint"), () => showToast(st("MenuPasteHint"), "info")],
-      [
-        st("MenuInsertCol"),
-        () => ctx.dispatch({ 종류: "열넣기", 시트: ctx.selection.시트, at, 수 }),
-      ],
+      ...pasteItems(ctx),
+      "-",
+      ...colInsertItems(ctx, at, 수),
       [
         st("MenuDeleteCol"),
         () => ctx.dispatch({ 종류: "열지우기", 시트: ctx.selection.시트, at, 수 }),
@@ -188,6 +201,7 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
             숨김: false,
           }),
       ],
+      ...colMoreItems(ctx, cols),
     ];
   }
 
@@ -217,7 +231,7 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
           활성: { r: hit.r, c: 0 },
           기준: { r: hit.r, c: 0 },
         });
-      menu.open(x, y, rowMenuItems(rows));
+      menu.open(x, y, bare ? copyOnlyItems(ctx) : rowMenuItems(rows));
       return;
     }
 
@@ -235,7 +249,7 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
           활성: { r: 0, c: hit.c },
           기준: { r: 0, c: hit.c },
         });
-      menu.open(x, y, colMenuItems(cols));
+      menu.open(x, y, bare ? copyOnlyItems(ctx) : colMenuItems(cols));
       return;
     }
 
@@ -250,7 +264,13 @@ export function attachMenu(ctx: SpreadsheetContext): PartHandle {
         });
       }
       const active = ctx.selection.범위[0] ?? range(hit.r, hit.c, hit.r, hit.c);
-      menu.open(x, y, cellMenuItems(active, hit.r, hit.c));
+      menu.open(
+        x,
+        y,
+        bare
+          ? [...copyOnlyItems(ctx), ...(ctx.cellMenuExtra?.(hit.r, hit.c) ?? [])]
+          : cellMenuItems(active, hit.r, hit.c),
+      );
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/resources/tester/spreadsheet/test_stage4_menu_items.ts b/resources/tester/spreadsheet/test_stage4_menu_items.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c7fe1aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resources/tester/spreadsheet/test_stage4_menu_items.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+/* =============================================================================
+ * test_stage4_menu_items.ts — 우클릭 메뉴 덧붙인 항목(81-3) 시험.
+ * 행 위/아래 · 열 좌우 삽입 · 셀 삽입/삭제 · 행열 삭제 · 크기 · 시트 정렬 · 필터 · 고정 · 그룹 ·
+ * 범위 이름 · 붙여넣기 보안 문맥 갈래 · 구분선 · 읽기 전용 복사.
+ * 돌리기: npx tsx resources/tester/spreadsheet/test_stage4_menu_items.ts
+ * ========================================================================== */
+
+import { register } from "node:module";
+import type { MapContextMenuItem } from "../../../ui_template/ui_template_context_menu.ts";
+import { applyCommand } from "../../../A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_commands.ts";
+import { createCalcEngine } from "../../../A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_graph.ts";
+import {
+  canMenuPaste,
+  cellInsertItems,
+  cellMoreItems,
+  colInsertItems,
+  colMoreItems,
+  copyOnlyItems,
+  menuPaste,
+  nameRange,
+  pasteItems,
+  resizeLines,
+  rowInsertItems,
+  rowMoreItems,
+  sortByColumn,
+  usedRange,
+} from "../../../A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_menu_items.ts";
+import type { Cell, Command, Workbook } from "../../../A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_types.ts";
+import type {
+  Selection,
+  SpreadsheetContext,
+} from "../../../A00_Common/spreadsheet/spreadsheet_view_types.ts";
+import { a1, assertEqual, makeBook, makeCtx, makeSheet, v } from "./test_stage2_helpers.ts";
+
+// 늦게 부르는 창 모듈의 css 는 node 에서 빈 모듈로
+register(
+  "data:text/javascript,export async function load(u,c,n){return u.endsWith('.css')?{format:'module',source:'',shortCircuit:true}:n(u,c)}",
+);
+const tick = () => new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 30));
+
+/** 진짜 명령 · 엔진 · 고름을 쓰는 문맥 */
+function realCtx(cells: Record<string, Cell>): SpreadsheetContext & { sent: Command[] } {
+  const book: Workbook = makeBook([makeSheet("s1", cells)]);
+  const base = makeCtx(book, "s1");
+  const sent: Command[] = [];
+  const ctx = base as unknown as SpreadsheetContext & { sent: Command[] };
+  ctx.engine = createCalcEngine(book);
+  ctx.sent = sent;
+  ctx.dispatch = (cmd: Command) => {
+    sent.push(cmd);
+    applyCommand(book, cmd);
+    ctx.engine.rebuild(book);
+  };
+  ctx.select = (sel: Selection) => void (ctx.selection = sel);
+  return ctx;
+}
+const col = (n: number) =>
+  Object.fromEntries(Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => [a1(i, 0), v(i + 1)]));
+const row = (n: number) =>
+  Object.fromEntries(Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => [a1(0, i), v(i + 1)]));
+const val = (ctx: SpreadsheetContext, r: number, c: number) => ctx.sheet().칸[a1(r, c)]?.값;
+const leaf = (items: MapContextMenuItem[], label: string): (() => void) => {
+  for (const it of items) {
+    if (it === "-") continue;
+    if (Array.isArray(it)) {
+      if (it[0] === label) return it[1];
+    } else {
+      const hit = it.children.find(([l]) => l === label);
+      if (hit) return hit[1];
+    }
+  }
+  throw new Error(`항목 없음: ${label}`);
+};
+const labels = (items: MapContextMenuItem[]) =>
+  items.map((it) => (it === "-" ? "-" : Array.isArray(it) ? it[0] : `${it.label} ▸`));
+
+// ── 행 위 · 아래 삽입(고른 2행 B2:B3 → at 1 · 수 2) ─────────────────────────
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx(col(5));
+  leaf(rowInsertItems(ctx, 1, 2), "위에 2행 삽입")();
+  assertEqual(
+    [val(ctx, 0, 0), val(ctx, 1, 0), val(ctx, 2, 0), val(ctx, 3, 0)],
+    [1, undefined, undefined, 2],
+    "위에 2행 — 2행부터 밀림",
+  );
+}
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx(col(5));
+  leaf(rowInsertItems(ctx, 1, 2), "아래에 2행 삽입")();
+  assertEqual(
+    [val(ctx, 2, 0), val(ctx, 3, 0), val(ctx, 4, 0), val(ctx, 5, 0)],
+    [3, undefined, undefined, 4],
+    "아래에 2행 — 고른 줄 뒤에 끼움",
+  );
+}
+// ── 열 왼 · 오른쪽 삽입 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx(row(4));
+  leaf(colInsertItems(ctx, 1, 1), "왼쪽에 1열 삽입")();
+  assertEqual([val(ctx, 0, 0), val(ctx, 0, 1), val(ctx, 0, 2)], [1, undefined, 2], "왼쪽에 1열");
+}
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx(row(4));
+  leaf(colInsertItems(ctx, 1, 1), "오른쪽에 1열 삽입")();
+  assertEqual([val(ctx, 0, 1), val(ctx, 0, 2), val(ctx, 0, 3)], [2, undefined, 3], "오른쪽에 1열");
+}
+// ── 칸 메뉴 — 셀 삽입/삭제 ▸ · 행열 삭제 ▸ ──────────────────────────────
+{
+  const g = { r0: 0, c0: 1, r1: 0, c1: 1 };
+  const ctx = realCtx(row(3));
+  const items = cellInsertItems(ctx, g);
+  assertEqual(
+    labels(items),
+    ["행 · 열 삽입 ▸", "셀 삽입 ▸", "행 · 열 삭제 ▸", "셀 삭제 ▸"],
+    "칸 메뉴 하위 넷",
+  );
+  leaf(items, "셀 삽입 후 오른쪽으로 밀기")();
+  await tick();
+  assertEqual(
+    [val(ctx, 0, 1), val(ctx, 0, 2), val(ctx, 0, 3)],
+    [undefined, 2, 3],
+    "셀 삽입 · 오른쪽으로",
+  );
+  leaf(cellInsertItems(ctx, g), "셀 삭제 후 왼쪽으로 당기기")();
+  await tick();
+  assertEqual([val(ctx, 0, 1), val(ctx, 0, 2)], [2, 3], "셀 삭제 · 왼쪽으로");
+}
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx(col(3));
+  leaf(cellInsertItems(ctx, { r0: 1, c0: 0, r1: 1, c1: 0 }), "셀 삽입 후 아래로 밀기")();
+  await tick();
+  assertEqual([val(ctx, 1, 0), val(ctx, 2, 0)], [undefined, 2], "셀 삽입 · 아래로");
+  leaf(cellInsertItems(ctx, { r0: 1, c0: 0, r1: 1, c1: 0 }), "셀 삭제 후 위로 당기기")();
+  await tick();
+  assertEqual([val(ctx, 1, 0), val(ctx, 2, 0)], [2, 3], "셀 삭제 · 위로");
+  leaf(cellInsertItems(ctx, { r0: 0, c0: 0, r1: 1, c1: 0 }), "2행 삭제")();
+  assertEqual(val(ctx, 0, 0), 3, "칸 메뉴 행 삭제 · 고른 2행");
+}
+// ── 크기 — px → 열폭(글자) · 행높이(pt) · 잘못된 값 ─────────────────────────
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx(row(2));
+  assertEqual(
+    resizeLines(ctx, false, [0, 1], "abc"),
+    "1 이상 숫자를 넣을 것",
+    "크기 · 글이면 거름",
+  );
+  assertEqual(resizeLines(ctx, false, [0, 1], "0"), "1 이상 숫자를 넣을 것", "크기 · 0 거름");
+  assertEqual(resizeLines(ctx, false, [0, 1], "100"), null, "열 너비 100px");
+  const w = ctx.sheet().열!;
+  assertEqual(w.A?.폭 === w.B?.폭 && (w.A?.폭 ?? 0) > 10, true, "열 둘 같은 폭(한 명령)");
+  resizeLines(ctx, true, [2], "40");
+  assertEqual(
+    Math.round((ctx.sheet().행?.["3"]?.높이 ?? 0) * 100) / 100,
+    30,
+    "행 높이 40px = 30pt",
+  );
+}
+// ── 시트 정렬(열 머리) — 쓴 범위 통째 · 고름 되돌림 · 빈 열은 안 함 ───────────────
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx({
+    A1: v("이름"),
+    B1: v("값"),
+    A2: v("다"),
+    B2: v(3),
+    A3: v("가"),
+    B3: v(1),
+    A4: v("나"),
+    B4: v(2),
+  });
+  const keep = ctx.selection;
+  await sortByColumn(ctx, 1, false);
+  assertEqual(
+    [val(ctx, 1, 0), val(ctx, 2, 0), val(ctx, 3, 0)],
+    ["가", "나", "다"],
+    "B 열 기준 오름 — A 열도 같이",
+  );
+  assertEqual(val(ctx, 0, 0), "이름", "머리 행 그대로");
+  assertEqual(ctx.selection, keep, "정렬 뒤 고름 되돌림");
+  await sortByColumn(ctx, 1, true);
+  assertEqual([val(ctx, 1, 1), val(ctx, 3, 1)], [3, 1], "내림");
+  const before = ctx.sent.length;
+  await sortByColumn(ctx, 5, false);
+  assertEqual(ctx.sent.length, before, "빈 열 정렬은 명령 없음");
+  assertEqual(usedRange(ctx.sheet()), { r0: 0, c0: 0, r1: 3, c1: 1 }, "쓴 범위");
+}
+// ── 필터 · 고정 · 그룹 · 더보기 ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx({ A1: v("머리"), A2: v(1), B2: v(2) });
+  const calls: [string, unknown][] = [];
+  ctx.dataMenu = (kind) => calls.push([kind, structuredClone(ctx.selection.범위)]);
+  const more = colMoreItems(ctx, [0]);
+  assertEqual(
+    labels(more),
+    [
+      "-",
+      "열 크기 조절…",
+      "데이터에 맞추기",
+      "-",
+      "시트 정렬 A → Z",
+      "시트 정렬 Z → A",
+      "필터 만들기",
+      "-",
+      "고정 ▸",
+      "그룹 ▸",
+    ],
+    "열 머리 덧붙임 순서",
+  );
+  leaf(more, "필터 만들기")();
+  await tick();
+  assertEqual(calls[0], ["filter", [{ r0: 0, c0: 0, r1: 1, c1: 1 }]], "열 머리 필터 = 쓴 범위로");
+  leaf(cellMoreItems(ctx, { r0: 0, c0: 0, r1: 0, c1: 0 }), "드롭다운…")();
+  leaf(cellMoreItems(ctx, { r0: 0, c0: 0, r1: 0, c1: 0 }), "조건부 서식…")();
+  assertEqual(
+    calls.slice(1).map((c) => c[0]),
+    ["validation", "condfmt"],
+    "더보기 → 데이터 창",
+  );
+  leaf(rowMoreItems(ctx, [0]), "첫 행 고정")();
+  await tick();
+  assertEqual(ctx.sent.at(-1)?.종류, "틀고정", "고정 ▸ 첫 행");
+  ctx.selection = {
+    시트: "s1",
+    범위: [{ r0: 1, c0: 0, r1: 1, c1: 16383 }],
+    활성: { r: 1, c: 0 },
+    기준: { r: 1, c: 0 },
+  };
+  leaf(rowMoreItems(ctx, [1]), "그룹으로 묶기")();
+  await tick();
+  assertEqual(ctx.sheet().행?.["2"]?.묶음, { 층: 1 }, "그룹 ▸ 묶기");
+  assertEqual(
+    await nameRange(ctx, "", { r0: 0, c0: 0, r1: 0, c1: 0 }),
+    "이름을 넣을 것",
+    "범위 이름 · 빈 값",
+  );
+  assertEqual(
+    await nameRange(ctx, "합계칸", { r0: 1, c0: 0, r1: 1, c1: 1 }),
+    null,
+    "범위 이름 지정",
+  );
+  assertEqual(
+    typeof (await nameRange(ctx, "합계칸", { r0: 0, c0: 0, r1: 0, c1: 0 })),
+    "string",
+    "같은 이름은 거름",
+  );
+}
+// ── 붙여넣기 — 보안 문맥 갈래 ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+{
+  const g = globalThis as Record<string, unknown>;
+  g.isSecureContext = false;
+  assertEqual(canMenuPaste(), false, "http(보안 문맥 아님) — 메뉴로 못 읽음 → Ctrl+V 안내");
+  g.isSecureContext = true;
+  assertEqual(canMenuPaste(), false, "클립보드 API 없음 — 안내");
+  const clip = { html: "", text: "7\t8" };
+  Object.defineProperty(navigator, "clipboard", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      read: async () => [
+        {
+          types: ["text/plain"],
+          getType: async () => new Blob([clip.text]),
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  });
+  assertEqual(canMenuPaste(), true, "localhost · https — 메뉴로 읽음");
+  class FakeData {
+    data: Record<string, string> = {};
+    setData(k: string, s: string) {
+      this.data[k] = s;
+    }
+  }
+  class FakePaste {
+    constructor(
+      public type: string,
+      public init: { clipboardData: FakeData },
+    ) {}
+  }
+  g.DataTransfer = FakeData;
+  g.ClipboardEvent = FakePaste;
+  const ctx = realCtx({});
+  const events: FakePaste[] = [];
+  ctx.root = { dispatchEvent: (e: FakePaste) => events.push(e) } as unknown as HTMLElement;
+  await menuPaste(ctx);
+  assertEqual(
+    [events[0]?.type, events[0]?.init.clipboardData.data["text/plain"]],
+    ["paste", "7\t8"],
+    "보통 붙여넣기 = 부품 paste 길로",
+  );
+  ctx.selection = {
+    시트: "s1",
+    범위: [{ r0: 2, c0: 0, r1: 2, c1: 0 }],
+    활성: { r: 2, c: 0 },
+    기준: { r: 2, c: 0 },
+  };
+  await menuPaste(ctx, "값");
+  assertEqual([val(ctx, 2, 0), val(ctx, 2, 1)], [7, 8], "값만 붙여넣기 — 활성 칸부터");
+  assertEqual(labels(pasteItems(ctx)), ["붙여넣기", "선택하여 붙여넣기 ▸"], "붙여넣기 항목");
+}
+// ── 읽기 전용 — 복사 한 줄 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+{
+  const ctx = realCtx({});
+  assertEqual(labels(copyOnlyItems(ctx)), ["복사"], "읽기 전용 · 미리보기 = 복사 한 줄");
+}
+console.log("spreadsheet_menu_items 시험 끝");